1. Introduction Modern 5G radio access networks have reached a level of complexity where traditional automation approaches are no longer sufficient. While machine learning has been widely adopted in telecom analytics, most deployed solutions still behave as passive systems: they ingest data, run inference, and output a score, label, or alert. In practice, experienced RAN engineers do not work this way. They observe symptoms, form hypotheses, validate those hypotheses by check

1.Introduction Cloud and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) for 5G networks represent a fundamental shift in how telecommunication networks are designed and managed. NFV decouples network functions from specialized hardware, allowing them to run as software on standard cloud infrastructure. This virtualization enables 5G networks to be more flexible, scalable, and cost-efficient by leveraging cloud-native principles and automation. It allows operators to dynamically alloca

1. Introduction Radio Access Networks are becoming more software-driven, disaggregated, and automation-centric. To handle the complexity of dense deployments, Massive MIMO, spectrum fragmentation, and diverse traffic profiles, operators are moving toward intelligent control loops in the RAN.This is where O-RAN Alliance’s RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) architecture—featuring rApps (non-real time, >1 second) and xApps (near-real time, 10 ms–1 s)—comes into play. These applica