Introduction Timing Advance (TA) is a critical concept in 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (NR) systems, ensuring...

Introduction Cyclic Prefix (CP) is a crucial component in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, which are the...

1.      Introduction Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a powerful modulation technique used in modern wireless...

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a cornerstone of modern wireless communication systems, offering robustness against...

1. Introduction to HARQ HARQ  (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest) is a critical error control method used in wireless systems like LTE and...

In LTE and 5G NR Random Access Channel (RACH) procedure, the gNB extracts specific UE identities from Msg3 to construct Msg4 (Contention...

Introduction The transition from 4G to 5G is not just a generational shift in radio technology but a complete transformation of the core...

Introduction The Random Access CHannel (RACH) procedure is the gateway to the 5G Standalone (SA) network. It allows the User Equipment...

In a 5G SA network, when the User Equipment (UE) powers on, it must detect, synchronize with, and evaluate a serving cell before...

Introduction 5G New Radio (NR) introduces flexible spectrum utilization across Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex...

Introduction As the wireless industry looks beyond 5G, 6G networks are expected to revolutionize not only connectivity speeds but also...

Introduction In 5G Non-Standalone (NSA), 5G NR (New Radio) is deployed alongside existing 4G LTE infrastructure. The 4G LTE network acts...

Introduction The O-RAN Alliance Workgroup 4 (WG4) focuses on defining open fronthaul interfaces between the O-DU (Distributed Unit) and...

The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is a cornerstone of 5G New Radio (NR) and 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems, serving as...

Introduction As 6G research gathers momentum, the demand for higher data rates, massive connectivity, and extreme spectral efficiency is...

Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) is a fundamental component of 5G New Radio (NR) systems, enabling user equipment (UE)...

Conformance testing ensures 5G New Radio (NR) base stations (gNBs) meet the stringent requirements defined by the 3rd Generation...

1. Introduction to CORESET In 5G NR, the Control Resource Set (CORESET) is a flexible and configurable area on the time-frequency grid...

1. Introduction The fifth generation of mobile networks (5G NR - New Radio) has introduced a wide array of technological advancements....

Section 1: C-Plane (Control Plane) What is the primary role of the C-Plane in O-RAN fronthaul architecture? To carry control information...