eAxC_ID Composer / Decomposer is an interactive tool for working with O-RAN fronthaul eAxC_IDs, where the 16-bit identifier is split into DU_Port_ID, BS_ID, CC_ID, and RU_Port_ID fields. Instead of hardcoding a fixed bit layout, the tool lets you define each field's bitmask yourself, so it adapts to any O-RAN eAxC_ID convention — including non-contiguous bit assignments — and flags overlaps or uncovered bits in real time on a live bit-grid. It supports two workflows: Construc

1. Introduction & Structural Background The transition from traditional monolithic Base Stations to disaggregated Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) has fundamentally reshaped the telecommunications industry. In a classic Distributed RAN (D-RAN), the baseband processing and RF frontends are tightly integrated using proprietary point-to-point protocols like the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI). CPRI transmits continuous time-domain, uncompressed In-phase and Quadrature (IQ

Overview: A 3GPP-aligned, multi-layer throughput estimation tool covering the full gNB protocol stack from PHY to PDCP. Built for RF engineers, protocol testers, and RAN architects who need quick but specification-accurate numbers without opening a spreadsheet or reading 38.214 line by line. Tool Features 4-layer protocol stack Calculates throughput independently at PHY, MAC, RLC, and PDCP — each with its own overhead model per 3GPP specs, not a single flat deduction. All thr

5G NR Resource Grid Visualizer is an interactive tool that renders the complete time-frequency structure of a 5G New Radio radio frame (10ms) across configurable bandwidths from 5–100 MHz and subcarrier spacings of 15/30/60/120 kHz, automatically computing the correct number of resource blocks per 3GPP TS 38.101. It maps all major physical channels and signals — SSB (PSS/SSS/PBCH), CORESET 0, PDCCH, PDSCH, PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH, and both DL/UL DMRS — onto the resource grid at t

What this tool does The O-RAN Fronthaul Delay Management Tool helps engineers translate O-RU timing capabilities + transport delay budgets into valid O-DU configuration ranges—fully aligned with O-RAN WG4 CUS-plane (Open Fronthaul) timing relationships. Instead of guessing delay values or manually working through inequalities, the tool: Applies WG4 constraint equations (DL/UL, U-plane & C-plane) Computes valid bounds (min/max) for O-DU parameters Flags invalid timing windows

Introduction Power-saving features in 5G (including O-RAN deployments) are needed mainly to improve energy efficiency and network sustainability. 1. Reduce operational cost (OPEX): Base stations—especially massive MIMO O-RUs—consume significant electricity, so reducing unnecessary transmissions lowers energy bills for operators. 2. Handle variable traffic load: Network traffic varies over time (night vs peak hours). Power-saving allows parts of the radio (RF chains,

1. Introduction: Why RLC Still Matters in 5G NR When discussions around 5G performance arise, attention usually gravitates toward massive MIMO, beamforming, or spectrum efficiency. Yet, in real networks, user experience often degrades due to issues far removed from PHY or antennas. One of the most common root causes lies in the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer. In 5G NR, RLC sits between PDCP and MAC, just like LTE. But assuming it is “unchanged from LTE” is a mistake. While t

1. Introduction Channel coding is one of the most fundamental building blocks of the 5G NR physical layer. It directly determines: Block Error Rate (BLER) Throughput at high MCS Latency predictability UE power consumption Hardware scalability in gNB and UE Unlike LTE, which relied almost exclusively on Turbo codes, 5G NR deliberately replaced Turbo codes with Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes for data channels and Polar codes for control channels. LDPC Coding Chain in 5

1.Introduction Cloud and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) for 5G networks represent a fundamental shift in how telecommunication networks are designed and managed. NFV decouples network functions from specialized hardware, allowing them to run as software on standard cloud infrastructure. This virtualization enables 5G networks to be more flexible, scalable, and cost-efficient by leveraging cloud-native principles and automation. It allows operators to dynamically alloca

1. Introduction Radio Access Networks are becoming more software-driven, disaggregated, and automation-centric. To handle the complexity of dense deployments, Massive MIMO, spectrum fragmentation, and diverse traffic profiles, operators are moving toward intelligent control loops in the RAN.This is where O-RAN Alliance’s RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) architecture—featuring rApps (non-real time, >1 second) and xApps (near-real time, 10 ms–1 s)—comes into play. These applica

1) Introduction The 5G NR gNB split architecture divides the base station into functional entities — Central Unit (CU) , Distributed Unit (DU) , and Radio Unit (RU) — to optimize deployment flexibility, scalability, and performance. This functional split enables c entralized control and distributed radio processing, allowing operators to balance latency-sensitive tasks at the edge (DU/RU) with higher-layer functions centralized (CU). The split reduces fronthaul bandwidth dem

O-DU ↔ O-RU Interoperability Troubleshooting (O-RAN WG4 C/U, S & M Planes) focuses on identifying and resolving functional and timing mismatches between the Distributed Unit (O-DU) and Radio Unit (O-RU) across the Open Fronthaul interface defined by O-RAN Working Group 4. It provides a systematic approach to diagnosing issues in the Control/User Plane (C/U), Synchronization Plane (S), and Management Plane (M)—the three pillars of inter-vendor interoperability. The guide emph

Introduction O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) represents a paradigm shift in mobile network design, transforming traditional, vendor-locked RAN systems into open, interoperable, and intelligent ecosystems. It disaggregates hardware and software components, virtualizes RAN functions, and introduces open interfaces and AI/ML-driven automation for optimization and orchestration . The O-RAN architecture decouples the traditional base station into: O-CU (Central Unit): Located

Certificate Management Protocol version 2 (CMPv2) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) callhome procedures form the cornerstone of secure...

Introduction The O-RAN Alliance Workgroup 4 (WG4) focuses on defining open fronthaul interfaces between the O-DU (Distributed Unit) and...

Conformance testing ensures 5G New Radio (NR) base stations (gNBs) meet the stringent requirements defined by the 3rd Generation...

Section 1: C-Plane (Control Plane) What is the primary role of the C-Plane in O-RAN fronthaul architecture? To carry control information...

Latency is a critical factor in O-RAN fronthaul networks, as it impacts real-time signal processing and synchronization between the O-DU...

1. Introduction The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture is revolutionizing the telecom industry by enabling vendor-neutral and...

In O-RAN (Open RAN) architecture, eCPRI plays a crucial role in the fronthaul interface between the O-DU (O-RAN Distributed Unit) and...