1.Introduction Cloud and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) for 5G networks represent a fundamental shift in how telecommunication networks are designed and managed. NFV decouples network functions from specialized hardware, allowing them to run as software on standard cloud infrastructure. This virtualization enables 5G networks to be more flexible, scalable, and cost-efficient by leveraging cloud-native principles and automation. It allows operators to dynamically alloca

1. Introduction Radio Access Networks are becoming more software-driven, disaggregated, and automation-centric. To handle the complexity of dense deployments, Massive MIMO, spectrum fragmentation, and diverse traffic profiles, operators are moving toward intelligent control loops in the RAN.This is where O-RAN Alliance’s RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) architecture—featuring rApps (non-real time, >1 second) and xApps (near-real time, 10 ms–1 s)—comes into play. These applica

1) Introduction The 5G NR gNB split architecture divides the base station into functional entities — Central Unit (CU) , Distributed Unit (DU) , and Radio Unit (RU)  — to optimize deployment flexibility, scalability, and performance. This functional split enables c entralized control and distributed radio processing, allowing operators to balance latency-sensitive tasks at the edge (DU/RU) with higher-layer functions centralized (CU). The split reduces fronthaul bandwidth dem

O-DU ↔ O-RU Interoperability Troubleshooting (O-RAN WG4 C/U, S & M Planes)  focuses on identifying and resolving functional and timing mismatches between the Distributed Unit (O-DU) and Radio Unit (O-RU) across the Open Fronthaul interface defined by O-RAN Working Group 4. It provides a systematic approach to diagnosing issues in the Control/User Plane (C/U), Synchronization Plane (S), and Management Plane (M)—the three pillars of inter-vendor interoperability. The guide emph

Introduction O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) represents a paradigm shift in mobile network design, transforming traditional, vendor-locked RAN systems into open, interoperable, and intelligent ecosystems. It disaggregates hardware and software components, virtualizes RAN functions, and introduces open interfaces and AI/ML-driven automation for optimization and orchestration . The O-RAN architecture decouples the traditional base station into:   O-CU (Central Unit): Located

Certificate Management Protocol version 2 (CMPv2) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) callhome procedures form the cornerstone of secure...

Introduction The O-RAN Alliance Workgroup 4 (WG4) focuses on defining open fronthaul interfaces between the O-DU (Distributed Unit) and...

Conformance testing ensures 5G New Radio (NR) base stations (gNBs) meet the stringent requirements defined by the 3rd Generation...

Section 1: C-Plane (Control Plane) What is the primary role of the C-Plane in O-RAN fronthaul architecture? To carry control information...

Latency is a critical factor in O-RAN fronthaul networks, as it impacts real-time signal processing and synchronization between the O-DU...

1. Introduction The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture is revolutionizing the telecom industry by enabling vendor-neutral and...

In O-RAN (Open RAN) architecture, eCPRI plays a crucial role in the fronthaul interface between the O-DU (O-RAN Distributed Unit) and...

Split 7-2x  is a widely adopted split option in O-RAN that defines how PHY layer functions are distributed between the DU  and RU ....

Introduction to O-RAN Architecture O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) is an industry-standard framework that aims to virtualize and...