A detailed set of parameter and procedure adaptations in 5G NTN ensures successful attach, random access, AMF selection, Mobility and UE...

Downlink and uplink timing synchronization between the UE and gNB in a 5G NR Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) introduces several unique...

Introduction The integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) into the 5G ecosystem represents a significant evolution, aiming to...

What is 5G NTN 5G NTN(Non‑Terrestrial Networks) is the 3GPP‑standardized use of satellites and high‑altitude platforms as part of the 5G...

Introduction SON (Self Organizing Networks) is an automation framework that lets cellular networks configure, optimize, and heal...

Introduction Spectral Efficiency Spectral efficiency is the net data rate per unit bandwidth, usually measured in bit/s/Hz; it reflects...

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are becoming integral to the evolution of 5G Radio Access Networks...

What is CSI-RS and why it’s used Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) is a configurable downlink reference signal used by...

Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)  is an uplink reference signal transmitted by the UE that enables the gNB to estimate uplink channel...

Certificate Management Protocol version 2 (CMPv2) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) callhome procedures form the cornerstone of secure...

1. Introduction DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signals) are UE-specific reference signals in 5G NR that provide essential channel...

Introduction In 5G NR, Radio Network Temporary Identifiers (RNTIs) are pivotal for distinguishing UEs (User Equipments), groups of UEs,...

Introduction   What is PUCCH in 5G NR? The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) in 5G New Radio (NR) is the channel through which the...

Introduction At its core, frequency domain resource allocation involves dividing the available radio spectrum into smaller, manageable...

Introduction Timing Advance (TA) is a critical concept in 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (NR) systems, ensuring...

Introduction Cyclic Prefix (CP) is a crucial component in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, which are the...

1.      Introduction Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a powerful modulation technique used in modern wireless...

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a cornerstone of modern wireless communication systems, offering robustness against...

1. Introduction to HARQ HARQ  (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest) is a critical error control method used in wireless systems like LTE and...

In LTE and 5G NR Random Access Channel (RACH) procedure, the gNB extracts specific UE identities from Msg3 to construct Msg4 (Contention...