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1.      Introduction The RRC_INACTIVE state represents a fundamental architectural innovation in 5G New Radio (NR), introduced to address critical latency and signaling overhead challenges that plagued LTE networks. In LTE, frequent transitions between RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED states created substantial network signaling load and introduced latency penalties during service resumption, particularly problematic for modern smartphone usage patterns characterized by frequent sm

3GPP Release 16 , finalized in  June 2020 , represents  5G Phase 2 , refining the foundation laid by Release 15. It broadens 5G NR capabilities beyond enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), addressing  industrial automation ,  ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) ,  V2X ,  non-public networks (NPN) , and  integrated access and backhaul (IAB) . The RAN1–RAN5 workgroups each contributed critical enhancements, detailed below with their technical implications, implementati

Introduction The integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) into the 5G ecosystem represents a significant evolution, aiming to...

Introduction Timing Advance (TA) is a critical concept in 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (NR) systems, ensuring...

Introduction The Random Access CHannel (RACH) procedure is the gateway to the 5G Standalone (SA) network. It allows the User Equipment...

Introduction The O-RAN Alliance Workgroup 4 (WG4) focuses on defining open fronthaul interfaces between the O-DU (Distributed Unit) and...

The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is a cornerstone of 5G New Radio (NR) and 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems, serving as...