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1. Introduction Modern 5G radio access networks have reached a level of complexity where traditional automation approaches are no longer sufficient. While machine learning has been widely adopted in telecom analytics, most deployed solutions still behave as passive systems: they ingest data, run inference, and output a score, label, or alert. In practice, experienced RAN engineers do not work this way. They observe symptoms, form hypotheses, validate those hypotheses by check

Introduction 3GPP Release 18 marks the first 5G-Advanced release, focusing on AI/ML integration, extreme performance for XR/Industrial IoT, mobile IAB, enhanced positioning, and spectrum efficiency up to 71 GHz. RAN workgroups (RAN1–RAN5) deliver these through physical layer evolution, protocol optimizations, architecture updates, RF requirements, and testing frameworks.​ Release 18 builds on Rel-17's foundations with AI/ML for RAN optimization, centimeter-level positioning,

1. Introduction Radio Access Networks are becoming more software-driven, disaggregated, and automation-centric. To handle the complexity of dense deployments, Massive MIMO, spectrum fragmentation, and diverse traffic profiles, operators are moving toward intelligent control loops in the RAN.This is where O-RAN Alliance’s RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) architecture—featuring rApps (non-real time, >1 second) and xApps (near-real time, 10 ms–1 s)—comes into play. These applica

Introduction The integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) into the 5G ecosystem represents a significant evolution, aiming to...

What is 5G NTN 5G NTN(Non‑Terrestrial Networks) is the 3GPP‑standardized use of satellites and high‑altitude platforms as part of the 5G...

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are becoming integral to the evolution of 5G Radio Access Networks...

1. Introduction DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signals) are UE-specific reference signals in 5G NR that provide essential channel...