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5G NR Throughput Calculator
Overview: A 3GPP-aligned, multi-layer throughput estimation tool covering the full gNB protocol stack from PHY to PDCP. Built for RF engineers, protocol testers, and RAN architects who need quick but specification-accurate numbers without opening a spreadsheet or reading 38.214 line by line. Tool Features 4-layer protocol stack Calculates throughput independently at PHY, MAC, RLC, and PDCP — each with its own overhead model per 3GPP specs, not a single flat deduction. All thr

Venkateshu Kamarthi
3 days ago2 min read


RAN Intelligence with xApps and rApps
1. Introduction Radio Access Networks are becoming more software-driven, disaggregated, and automation-centric. To handle the complexity of dense deployments, Massive MIMO, spectrum fragmentation, and diverse traffic profiles, operators are moving toward intelligent control loops in the RAN.This is where O-RAN Alliance’s RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) architecture—featuring rApps (non-real time, >1 second) and xApps (near-real time, 10 ms–1 s)—comes into play. These applica

Venkateshu Kamarthi
Nov 21, 202518 min read


Voice-over-NR(VoNR) Explained
Introduction Voice over NR (VoNR) delivers real-time voice and video over 5G Standalone’s ultra-low latency, high capacity architecture,...

Venkateshu Kamarthi
Oct 7, 20254 min read


PUCCH in 5G NR
Introduction What is PUCCH in 5G NR? The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) in 5G New Radio (NR) is the channel through which the...

Venkateshu Kamarthi
Jul 26, 20257 min read


Contention Resolution in Msg4 during RACH procedure
In LTE and 5G NR Random Access Channel (RACH) procedure, the gNB extracts specific UE identities from Msg3 to construct Msg4 (Contention...

Venkateshu Kamarthi
Jun 3, 20254 min read


5G Core Network Architecture: Components & their functional descriptions
Introduction The transition from 4G to 5G is not just a generational shift in radio technology but a complete transformation of the core...

Venkateshu Kamarthi
May 29, 20257 min read
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