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Overview The 3GPP Spec Excerpt Finder is a browser tool for pulling exact passages out of 3GPP specifications. You give it a release (for example Rel-17), optionally a spec number such as 38.331, and a search type: RAN parameter, topic or procedure, feature explanation, or free text. It returns the matching clauses word for word, shown as dark text on a white background. Each excerpt carries a citation (3GPP TS 38.331 V17.5.0 (Rel-17), clause 5.3.5.1) and the surrounding para

Why throughput testing matters Throughput is the number that operators, vendors and customers all ask about first. It is also one of the hardest to measure well. A speed-test app tells you what one phone saw at one moment. It doesn’t tell you what the radio, transport and core can sustain, or where the bottleneck is. RAN and core engineers need controlled, repeatable traffic with a known offered load, direction, packet size and duration. That is how they validate a new cell,

Introduction Cyclic Prefix (CP) is a crucial component in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, which are the...

In LTE and 5G NR Random Access Channel (RACH) procedure, the gNB extracts specific UE identities from Msg3 to construct Msg4 (Contention...

Introduction The O-RAN Alliance Workgroup 4 (WG4) focuses on defining open fronthaul interfaces between the O-DU (Distributed Unit) and...

The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is a cornerstone of 5G New Radio (NR) and 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems, serving as...