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1. Introduction Radio Access Networks are becoming more software-driven, disaggregated, and automation-centric. To handle the complexity of dense deployments, Massive MIMO, spectrum fragmentation, and diverse traffic profiles, operators are moving toward intelligent control loops in the RAN.This is where O-RAN Alliance’s RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) architecture—featuring rApps (non-real time, >1 second) and xApps (near-real time, 10 ms–1 s)—comes into play. These applica

A detailed set of parameter and procedure adaptations in 5G NTN ensures successful attach, random access, AMF selection, Mobility and UE...

Downlink and uplink timing synchronization between the UE and gNB in a 5G NR Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) introduces several unique...

Introduction The transition from 4G to 5G is not just a generational shift in radio technology but a complete transformation of the core...

Introduction As the wireless industry looks beyond 5G, 6G networks are expected to revolutionize not only connectivity speeds but also...

Introduction The O-RAN Alliance Workgroup 4 (WG4) focuses on defining open fronthaul interfaces between the O-DU (Distributed Unit) and...

Introduction As 6G research gathers momentum, the demand for higher data rates, massive connectivity, and extreme spectral efficiency is...