What is CSI-RS and why it’s used Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) is a configurable downlink reference signal used by...

Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)  is an uplink reference signal transmitted by the UE that enables the gNB to estimate uplink channel...

1. Introduction DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signals) are UE-specific reference signals in 5G NR that provide essential channel...

Introduction In 5G NR, Radio Network Temporary Identifiers (RNTIs) are pivotal for distinguishing UEs (User Equipments), groups of UEs,...

Introduction   What is PUCCH in 5G NR? The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) in 5G New Radio (NR) is the channel through which the...

Introduction At its core, frequency domain resource allocation involves dividing the available radio spectrum into smaller, manageable...

Introduction Timing Advance (TA) is a critical concept in 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (NR) systems, ensuring...

Introduction Cyclic Prefix (CP) is a crucial component in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, which are the...

1.      Introduction Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a powerful modulation technique used in modern wireless...

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a cornerstone of modern wireless communication systems, offering robustness against...

1. Introduction to HARQ HARQ  (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest) is a critical error control method used in wireless systems like LTE and...

In LTE and 5G NR Random Access Channel (RACH) procedure, the gNB extracts specific UE identities from Msg3 to construct Msg4 (Contention...

Introduction The transition from 4G to 5G is not just a generational shift in radio technology but a complete transformation of the core...

Introduction The Random Access CHannel (RACH) procedure is the gateway to the 5G Standalone (SA) network. It allows the User Equipment...

In a 5G SA network, when the User Equipment (UE) powers on, it must detect, synchronize with, and evaluate a serving cell before...

Introduction 5G New Radio (NR) introduces flexible spectrum utilization across Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex...

Introduction In 5G Non-Standalone (NSA), 5G NR (New Radio) is deployed alongside existing 4G LTE infrastructure. The 4G LTE network acts...

The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is a cornerstone of 5G New Radio (NR) and 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems, serving as...

Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) is a fundamental component of 5G New Radio (NR) systems, enabling user equipment (UE)...

1. Introduction to CORESET In 5G NR, the Control Resource Set (CORESET) is a flexible and configurable area on the time-frequency grid...