Introduction In 5G Non-Standalone (NSA), 5G NR (New Radio) is deployed alongside existing 4G LTE infrastructure. The 4G LTE network acts...

Introduction The O-RAN Alliance Workgroup 4 (WG4) focuses on defining open fronthaul interfaces between the O-DU (Distributed Unit) and...

The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is a cornerstone of 5G New Radio (NR) and 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems, serving as...

Introduction As 6G research gathers momentum, the demand for higher data rates, massive connectivity, and extreme spectral efficiency is...

Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) is a fundamental component of 5G New Radio (NR) systems, enabling user equipment (UE)...

Conformance testing ensures 5G New Radio (NR) base stations (gNBs) meet the stringent requirements defined by the 3rd Generation...

1. Introduction to CORESET In 5G NR, the Control Resource Set (CORESET) is a flexible and configurable area on the time-frequency grid...

1. Introduction The fifth generation of mobile networks (5G NR - New Radio) has introduced a wide array of technological advancements....

Section 1: C-Plane (Control Plane) What is the primary role of the C-Plane in O-RAN fronthaul architecture? To carry control information...

Introduction Building of new 5G networks, especially on new high-frequency mmWave bands, requires much denser cell sites than in...

Breaking down how Beamforming enhances directional communication and how MIMO increases spectral efficiency Introduction 5G New Radio...

Introduction The evolution of mobile communication has reached new heights with the introduction of 5G (Fifth Generation) technology. It...

Latency is a critical factor in O-RAN fronthaul networks, as it impacts real-time signal processing and synchronization between the O-DU...

1. Introduction The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture is revolutionizing the telecom industry by enabling vendor-neutral and...

In O-RAN (Open RAN) architecture, eCPRI plays a crucial role in the fronthaul interface between the O-DU (O-RAN Distributed Unit) and...

Split 7-2x  is a widely adopted split option in O-RAN that defines how PHY layer functions are distributed between the DU  and RU ....

In 5G NR , both Timing Advance (TA)  and Cyclic Prefix (CP)  play critical roles in ensuring efficient and reliable communication over...

Introduction to O-RAN Architecture O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) is an industry-standard framework that aims to virtualize and...

Introduction We’ve all seen how 5G has transformed the world — faster internet, low latency for gaming, support for smart cities, and...

Introduction 5G builds on the foundational structure of LTE but introduces significant changes at each protocol layer to meet the...