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1.      Introduction The RRC_INACTIVE state represents a fundamental architectural innovation in 5G New Radio (NR), introduced to address critical latency and signaling overhead challenges that plagued LTE networks. In LTE, frequent transitions between RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED states created substantial network signaling load and introduced latency penalties during service resumption, particularly problematic for modern smartphone usage patterns characterized by frequent sm

1. Introduction Link adaptation is a core feature in 5G NR that enables dynamic adjustment of transmission parameters — mainly the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) — based on real-time wireless channel conditions. This process ensures optimal throughput and reliability for each User Equipment (UE) by adapting to mobility, interference, fading, and changing network scenarios. Modern 5G networks advance beyond 4G LTE by employing smarter, faster, and more flexible link adapta

1. Introduction DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signals) are UE-specific reference signals in 5G NR that provide essential channel...

Introduction   What is PUCCH in 5G NR? The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) in 5G New Radio (NR) is the channel through which the...

1.      Introduction Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a powerful modulation technique used in modern wireless...

Introduction The transition from 4G to 5G is not just a generational shift in radio technology but a complete transformation of the core...

In a 5G SA network, when the User Equipment (UE) powers on, it must detect, synchronize with, and evaluate a serving cell before...

The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is a cornerstone of 5G New Radio (NR) and 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems, serving as...

Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) is a fundamental component of 5G New Radio (NR) systems, enabling user equipment (UE)...