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1. Introduction Modern 5G radio access networks have reached a level of complexity where traditional automation approaches are no longer sufficient. While machine learning has been widely adopted in telecom analytics, most deployed solutions still behave as passive systems: they ingest data, run inference, and output a score, label, or alert. In practice, experienced RAN engineers do not work this way. They observe symptoms, form hypotheses, validate those hypotheses by check

1. Introduction Radio Access Networks are becoming more software-driven, disaggregated, and automation-centric. To handle the complexity of dense deployments, Massive MIMO, spectrum fragmentation, and diverse traffic profiles, operators are moving toward intelligent control loops in the RAN.This is where O-RAN Alliance’s RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) architecture—featuring rApps (non-real time, >1 second) and xApps (near-real time, 10 ms–1 s)—comes into play. These applica

O-DU ↔ O-RU Interoperability Troubleshooting (O-RAN WG4 C/U, S & M Planes)  focuses on identifying and resolving functional and timing mismatches between the Distributed Unit (O-DU) and Radio Unit (O-RU) across the Open Fronthaul interface defined by O-RAN Working Group 4. It provides a systematic approach to diagnosing issues in the Control/User Plane (C/U), Synchronization Plane (S), and Management Plane (M)—the three pillars of inter-vendor interoperability. The guide emph

Certificate Management Protocol version 2 (CMPv2) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) callhome procedures form the cornerstone of secure...

Introduction The O-RAN Alliance Workgroup 4 (WG4) focuses on defining open fronthaul interfaces between the O-DU (Distributed Unit) and...