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1. Introduction & Structural Background The transition from traditional monolithic Base Stations to disaggregated Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) has fundamentally reshaped the telecommunications industry. In a classic Distributed RAN (D-RAN), the baseband processing and RF frontends are tightly integrated using proprietary point-to-point protocols like the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI). CPRI transmits continuous time-domain, uncompressed In-phase and Quadrature (IQ

Introduction O-RAN (Open Radio Access Network) represents a paradigm shift in mobile network design, transforming traditional, vendor-locked RAN systems into open, interoperable, and intelligent ecosystems. It disaggregates hardware and software components, virtualizes RAN functions, and introduces open interfaces and AI/ML-driven automation for optimization and orchestration . The O-RAN architecture decouples the traditional base station into: O-CU (Central Unit): Located