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Introduction Unlike 4G LTE, which relied on a fixed Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) and a static subframe duration, 5G New Radio (NR) introduces a flexible OFDM numerology frame structure scaling as Δf=15×2^μ kHz. Selecting the optimal numerology parameter (μ∈{0,1,2,3,4}) governs a direct trade-off between coverage geometry, PHY-layer latency, Doppler resilience, and hardware processing overhead. 1. Fundamentals of 5G Flexible Numerology 3GPP TS 38.211 specifies the mathematical f

In 4G LTE and 5G New Radio (NR), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been the undisputed king of physical layer multi-carrier waveforms. OFDM works exceptionally well in static or low-speed environments like homes, offices, and walking speeds. However, as we move toward 6G—where devices communicate on high-speed bullet trains (350+ km/h), in low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites moving at 28,000 km/h, and in autonomous vehicle-to-everything (V2X) swarms—OFDM hits