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1. Introduction Channel coding is one of the most fundamental building blocks of the 5G NR physical layer. It directly determines: Block Error Rate (BLER) Throughput at high MCS Latency predictability UE power consumption Hardware scalability in gNB and UE Unlike LTE, which relied almost exclusively on Turbo codes, 5G NR deliberately replaced Turbo codes with Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes for data channels and Polar codes for control channels.   LDPC Coding Chain in 5

1.      Introduction The RRC_INACTIVE state represents a fundamental architectural innovation in 5G New Radio (NR), introduced to address critical latency and signaling overhead challenges that plagued LTE networks. In LTE, frequent transitions between RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED states created substantial network signaling load and introduced latency penalties during service resumption, particularly problematic for modern smartphone usage patterns characterized by frequent sm