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Introduction to 5G QoS Framework Quality of Service (QoS) is a fundamental networking mechanism that is essential for both 5G and LTE...

A detailed set of parameter and procedure adaptations in 5G NTN ensures successful attach, random access, AMF selection, Mobility and UE...

Downlink and uplink timing synchronization between the UE and gNB in a 5G NR Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) introduces several unique...

Introduction The integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) into the 5G ecosystem represents a significant evolution, aiming to...

Introduction Spectral Efficiency Spectral efficiency is the net data rate per unit bandwidth, usually measured in bit/s/Hz; it reflects...

What is CSI-RS and why it’s used Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) is a configurable downlink reference signal used by...

Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)  is an uplink reference signal transmitted by the UE that enables the gNB to estimate uplink channel...

Certificate Management Protocol version 2 (CMPv2) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) callhome procedures form the cornerstone of secure...

1. Introduction DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signals) are UE-specific reference signals in 5G NR that provide essential channel...

Introduction In 5G NR, Radio Network Temporary Identifiers (RNTIs) are pivotal for distinguishing UEs (User Equipments), groups of UEs,...

Introduction   What is PUCCH in 5G NR? The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) in 5G New Radio (NR) is the channel through which the...

Introduction At its core, frequency domain resource allocation involves dividing the available radio spectrum into smaller, manageable...

1. Introduction to HARQ HARQ  (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest) is a critical error control method used in wireless systems like LTE and...

In LTE and 5G NR Random Access Channel (RACH) procedure, the gNB extracts specific UE identities from Msg3 to construct Msg4 (Contention...

Introduction The Random Access CHannel (RACH) procedure is the gateway to the 5G Standalone (SA) network. It allows the User Equipment...

In a 5G SA network, when the User Equipment (UE) powers on, it must detect, synchronize with, and evaluate a serving cell before...

Introduction 5G New Radio (NR) introduces flexible spectrum utilization across Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex...

Introduction The O-RAN Alliance Workgroup 4 (WG4) focuses on defining open fronthaul interfaces between the O-DU (Distributed Unit) and...

The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is a cornerstone of 5G New Radio (NR) and 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems, serving as...

Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) is a fundamental component of 5G New Radio (NR) systems, enabling user equipment (UE)...